Overview
Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). About 5% of adults exposed develop chronic infection that can quietly damage the liver over decades, leading to cirrhosis or liver cancer. Most people have no symptoms in the early years — the only way to know is a blood test. There is a highly effective vaccine that prevents it, and modern medications can keep chronic infection well-controlled, although a complete cure for chronic HBV is not yet available.
Symptoms
Often no symptoms — chronic infection is usually silent
Fatigue and loss of appetite
Mild discomfort in the upper-right abdomen
Yellowing of skin or eyes (jaundice) — late sign
Dark urine or pale-colored stools
Joint pain or low-grade fever in the acute phase
How It's Transmitted
Mother-to-child during birth (most common globally)
Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner
Sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes with an infected person
Unsterile medical, dental, or tattoo equipment
Blood transfusions before screening was widespread (rare today)
NOT spread by hugging, sharing food, sneezing, or casual contact
Living with HBV & Prevention
Get the HBV vaccine — 3 doses give >95% lifelong protection (free for children in Saudi Arabia)
If chronic, see a hepatologist every 6 months for liver enzymes, viral load, and ultrasound
Avoid alcohol completely — it dramatically accelerates liver damage
Family members and sexual partners should be tested and vaccinated
Antiviral medication (entecavir or tenofovir) is highly effective when treatment is needed
You can have a normal life — work, marry, and have children — careful planning prevents transmission
When to Get Tested
Get tested if your mother had HBV, you have a family member with HBV, you have unexplained elevated liver enzymes, or you are pregnant. People with chronic HBV need regular ultrasound and AFP blood tests every 6 months to screen for liver cancer — early detection saves lives.
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